Which statement correctly describes the scope of cross-examination in relation to direct examination?

• A. Cross-examination scope is limited strictly to topics presented on direct examination.
• B. Cross-examination may only address topics that were introduced on direct examination.
• C. The scope of cross examination is not limited to the scope of direct examination.
• D. Cross-examination may not introduce new factual issues.

Answer: (C)

Cross-examination is a tool to test a witness’s reliability. The scope isn’t limited to what was covered on direct; you may probe any matter that bears on credibility or the issues in dispute. This lets you expose memory lapses, biases, motives to mislead, or inconsistencies, and you can pursue new factual lines that affect the truth of the testimony, as long as they’re relevant. For example, if a witness testified they saw something at a certain time, cross-examination can explore their relationship to the parties, prior statements they’ve made, or other circumstances that might impair their reliability, even if those topics weren’t raised on direct. The important limits are relevance and purpose: you can introduce new lines that test credibility or the case’s facts, but you shouldn’t drift into irrelevant tangents.