When is a cross-examiner permitted to inquire about specific instances of conduct under Rule 405?

• A. Never
• B. Only when character is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense
• C. Only in civil cases
• D. Only with a jury instruction

Answer: (B)

Under Rule 405, you can question about specific instances of conduct on cross-examination only when the character trait itself is an essential element of the charge, claim, or defense. This means the trait has to matter for the case—if proving that character is necessary to prove or defend the claim, then specific acts can be brought out to support that trait. In all other situations, specific instances aren’t admissible to prove character; you’d rely on reputation or opinion instead. The other options don’t fit because this permission isn’t universal, isn’t limited to civil cases, and isn’t tied to a jury instruction.